Telecommunications – Wikipedia.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The Electrical Catalog Browser is installed when installing ACAD-Electrical & Inventor. It’s used for sharing data interoperability between the. The Electrical Catalog Browser for Inventor allows you to insert 3D parts by selecting a catalog value from the database. 20th- and 21st-century technologies for long-distance communication usually involve electrical and electromagnetic technologies, such as telegraph, telephone.
 
 

 

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Kenya also ended analog television transmission in December after multiple delays. For analog television, there were three standards in use for broadcasting color TV see a map on adoption here. For analog radio, the switch to digital radio is made more difficult by the higher cost of digital receivers. The Internet is a worldwide network of computers and computer networks that communicate with each other using the Internet Protocol IP.

Hence, any computer on the Internet can send a message to any other computer using its IP address. These messages carry with them the originating computer’s IP address allowing for two-way communication. The Internet is thus an exchange of messages between computers.

The Internet works in part because of protocols that govern how the computers and routers communicate with each other. The nature of computer network communication lends itself to a layered approach where individual protocols in the protocol stack run more-or-less independently of other protocols. This allows lower-level protocols to be customized for the network situation while not changing the way higher-level protocols operate. A practical example of why this is important is because it allows an Internet browser to run the same code regardless of whether the computer it is running on is connected to the Internet through an Ethernet or Wi-Fi connection.

Protocols are often talked about in terms of their place in the OSI reference model pictured on the right , which emerged in as the first step in an unsuccessful attempt to build a universally adopted networking protocol suite. For the Internet, the physical medium and data link protocol can vary several times as packets traverse the globe.

This is because the Internet places no constraints on what physical medium or data link protocol is used. This leads to the adoption of media and protocols that best suit the local network situation. In practice, most intercontinental communication will use the Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM protocol or a modern equivalent on top of optic fiber.

This is because for most intercontinental communication the Internet shares the same infrastructure as the public switched telephone network. At the network layer, things become standardized with the Internet Protocol IP being adopted for logical addressing.

At the moment, the most widely used version of the Internet Protocol is version four but a move to version six is imminent. TCP is used when it is essential every message sent is received by the other computer whereas UDP is used when it is merely desirable. With TCP, packets are retransmitted if they are lost and placed in order before they are presented to higher layers. With UDP, packets are not ordered nor retransmitted if lost.

Both TCP and UDP packets carry port numbers with them to specify what application or process the packet should be handled by.

Examples are to restrict Internet access by blocking the traffic destined for a particular port or to affect the performance of certain applications by assigning priority.

Above the transport layer, there are certain protocols that are sometimes used and loosely fit in the session and presentation layers, most notably the Secure Sockets Layer SSL and Transport Layer Security TLS protocols. These protocols ensure that data transferred between two parties remains completely confidential. Voice over Internet Protocol VoIP allows data packets to be used for synchronous voice communications.

The data packets are marked as voice type packets and can be prioritized by the network administrators so that the real-time, synchronous conversation is less subject to contention with other types of data traffic which can be delayed i. That prioritization is fine when the network has sufficient capacity for all the VoIP calls taking place at the same time and the network is enabled for prioritization i. Despite the growth of the Internet, the characteristics of local area networks LANs —computer networks that do not extend beyond a few kilometres—remain distinct.

This is because networks on this scale do not require all the features associated with larger networks and are often more cost-effective and efficient without them. When they are not connected with the Internet, they also have the advantages of privacy and security. However, purposefully lacking a direct connection to the Internet does not provide assured protection from hackers, military forces, or economic powers. These threats exist if there are any methods for connecting remotely to the LAN.

Wide area networks WANs are private computer networks that may extend for thousands of kilometres. Once again, some of their advantages include privacy and security. Prime users of private LANs and WANs include armed forces and intelligence agencies that must keep their information secure and secret.

In the mids, several sets of communication protocols emerged to fill the gaps between the data-link layer and the application layer of the OSI reference model. These protocols differ from the former protocols in that they are simpler, e. Both of these differences allow for more economical systems.

Despite the modest popularity of Token Ring in the s and s, virtually all LANs now use either wired or wireless Ethernet facilities.

At the physical layer, most wired Ethernet implementations use copper twisted-pair cables including the common 10BASE-T networks. However, some early implementations used heavier coaxial cables and some recent implementations especially high-speed ones use optical fibers.

Multimode fibers can be thought of as thicker optical fibers that are cheaper to manufacture devices for, but that suffer from less usable bandwidth and worse attenuation—implying poorer long-distance performance. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Transmission of information between locations using electromagnetic technology. For the song by A Flock of Seagulls, see Telecommunication song. Further information: History of telecommunication.

Main articles: Radio , Television , and Broadcasting. Telecommunications portal. Underwater acoustic communication Active networking Digital Revolution Information Age International Teletraffic Congress List of telecommunications encryption terms Nanonetwork New media Outline of telecommunication Telecommunications Industry Association Telecoms resilience Telemetry Wavelength-division multiplexing Wired communication. European Investment Bank. Retrieved 7 June Telecommunications Research” at NAP.

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Archived from the original on 14 May Archived from the original on 26 March Retrieved 21 February Britain Express. Archived from the original on 4 January Retrieved 1 October Archived from the original on 9 April International Telecommunication Union.

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Archived from the original on 18 January Plunkett’s Telecommunications Industry Almanac Archived from the original on 28 March Communication Systems 4th ed. Analog and Digital Signal Processing 2nd ed. Journal of Communication. Boston University. Archived from the original PDF on 14 February Retrieved 8 June American Economic Review.

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Archived from the original PDF on 21 October Advertising Age. Archived PDF from the original on 27 July Retrieved 21 June Accessed 21 July American Journal of International Law.

History of international broadcasting. New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 April Retrieved 15 November Archived from the original on 9 July Engineering and Technology. IEEE Spectrum. Data and Computer Communications 7th intl ed.

Pearson Prentice Hall. Telecom Industry Updates. Archived from the original on 2 April Retrieved 22 February Archived from the original on 14 December Retrieved 25 February Kahn and Vinton G. Archived from the original on 10 April Retrieved 22 May Kozierok, Dierks and C. Archived from the original on 24 January Retrieved 30 June Retrieved June Wikimedia Commons has media related to Telecommunications.

Watson Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Coaxial cable Fiber-optic communication optical fiber Free-space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves wireless Transmission line data transmission circuit telecommunication circuit. Bandwidth Links Nodes terminal Network switching circuit packet Telephone exchange. Space-division Frequency-division Time-division Polarization-division Orbital angular-momentum Code-division.

Communication protocol Computer network Data transmission Store and forward Telecommunications equipment. Telecommunication portal Category Outline Commons. Communication studies. History Outline. Topics and terminology. Communication design Communication theory Communicology Crisis communication Climate communication Cross-cultural communication Development communication Discourse analysis Environmental communication Global communication Health communication International communication Mass communication Media studies Mediated cross-border communication Organizational communication Political communication Risk communication Science communication Technical communication Visual communication Closed-loop communication.

Telecommunications by region. Telecommunications in Africa. States with limited recognition. Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland.

Dependencies and other territories. Telecommunications in Asia. Category Asia portal. Telecommunications in Europe. European Union. Telecommunications in North America.

Telecommunications in Oceania. Cook Islands Niue. Telecommunications in South America. Telecommunications at Wikipedia’s sister projects :. Definitions from Wiktionary. Media from Commons. News from Wikinews. Quotations from Wikiquote. If two or more of these products are installed and one or more removed at a later date, components can be found missing and functionality of a product significantly reduced.

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